Research-based
All too often, fitness books claims have nothing whatsoever to back them up. To help you see the concrete evidence behind my advice, I've listed research studies, with links to their full online summaries (if available), in the same order they appear in
my book.

i         Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology.  PAR-Q and You.  Gloucester, Ontario: Canadian Society for Exercise Physiology, 1994:1-2  http://www.opp.ca/ecms/files/250278760.8.pdf

1        press release March 31, 2010, International Health, Racquet, and Sportsclub Association, http://cms.ihrsa.org/index.cfm?fuseaction=page.viewPage&pageID=21108

2        press release April 6, 2010, National Center for Health Statistics, http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/data/hestat/physicalactivity/physicalactivity.htm

3        Health and Social Care Information Centre. Statistics on obesity, physical activity and diet: England, January 2008. http://www.ic.nhs.uk/pubs/opadjan08

4        Willardson JM.  The effectiveness of resistance exercises performed on unstable equipment.  Strength and Conditioning Journal,  2004;5:70-74. 

5        Pollock ML, Gettman LR, Milesis CA, Bah MD, Durstine L, Johnson RB.  Effect of frequency and duration of training on attrition and incidence of injury.  Medicine & Science in Sports and Exercise, 1977;9:31-36.  

6        Ballor DL, Keesey RE. A meta-analysis of the factors affecting exercise-induced changes in body mass, fat mass and fat-free mass in males and females. Int J Obes. 1991 Nov;15(11):717-26.

7        Buchowski MS, Townsend KM, Chen KY, Acra SA, Sun M. Energy expenditure determined by self-reported physical activity is related to body fatness. Obes Res. 1999 Jan;7(1):23-33.

8        Tremblay A, Despres JP, Bouchard C. The effects of exercise-training on energy balance and adipose tissue morphology and metabolism. Sports Med. 1985 May-Jun;2(3):223-33.

9        LaMonte MJ, Durstine JL, Addy CL, Irwin ML, Ainsworth BE. Physical activity, physical fitness, and Framingham 10-year risk score: the cross-cultural activity participation study. J Cardiopulm Rehabil. 2001 Mar-Apr;21(2):63-70.

10      Anderson JW, Konz EC, Frederich RC, Wood CL. Long-term weight-loss maintenance: a meta-analysis of US studies. Am J Clin Nutr. 2001 Nov;74(5):579-84.

11     Staron RS, Karapondo DL, Kraemer WJ, Fry AC, Gordon SE, Falkel JE, Hagerman FC, Hikida RS. Skeletal muscle adaptations during early phase of heavy-resistance training in men and women. J Appl Physiol. 1994 Mar;76(3):1247-55.

12     Expert panel: executive summary of the clinical guidelines on the identification, evaluation, and treatment of overweight and obesity in adults.  Arch Intern Med 1998;158:1855-1867.

13     Gwinup G, Chelvam R, Steinberg T.  Thickness of subcutaneous fat and activity of underlying muscles.  Annals of Internal Medicine, 1971: 408-11

14     Lexell J, Taylor CC. Variability in muscle fibre areas in whole human quadriceps muscle: effects of increasing age. J Anat. 1991 Feb;174:239-49 .

15     Klein CS, Rice CL, Marsh GD. Normalized force, activation, and coactivation in the arm muscles of young and old men. J Appl Physiol. 2001 Sep;91(3):1341-9.

16     Pleis JR, Lucas JW. Summary health statistics for U.S. adults: National Health Interview Survey, 2007. National Center for Health Statistics. Vital Health Stat 10(240). 2009.  http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/nhis/physical_activity/pa_statistics.htm

17     Wang Z, Heshka S, Gallagher D, Boozer CN, Kotler DP, Heymsfield SB. Resting energy expenditure-fat-free mass relationship: new insights provided by body composition modeling. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab. 2000 Sep;279(3):E539-45.

18     Augustsson J, Esko A, Thomee R, Svantesson U.  Weight training of the thigh muscles using closed vs. open chain exercises: a comparison of performance enhancement.  Journal of Orthopedic Sports Physical Therapy.  1998 Jan;27(1):3-8  

19     Blackburn JR, Morrissey MC. The relationship between open and closed kinetic chain strength of the lower limb and jumping performance. J Orthop Sports Phys Ther. 1998 Jun;27(6):430-5.

20     World Health Organization press release "Aging and Osteoporosis" April 7, 1999.

21     Krolner B, Toft B.  Vertebral bone loss: an unheeded side effect of therapeutic bed rest.  Clinical Science (London).  1983 May;64(5):537-40

22     Issekutz B, Blizzrad JJ, Birkhead NC, Rodahl K.  Effect of prolonged bed rest on urinary calcium output.  J. Appl. Physiol.  1966;21(3):1013-1020 

23     Mazess RB.  On aging bone loss.  Clin Orthop. Clin Orthop. 1982 May;(165):239-52  

24     Kemmler W, Lauber D, Weineck J, Hensen J, Kalender W, Engelke K. Benefits of 2 Years of Intense Exercise on Bone Density, Physical Fitness, and Blood Lipids in Early Postmenopausal Osteopenic Women: Results of the Erlangen Fitness Osteoporosis Prevention Study (EFOPS). Arch Intern Med. 2004 May 24;164(10):1084-1091

25     Arkill KP, Winlove CP. Solute transport in the deep and calcified zones of articular cartilage. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2008 Jun;16(6):708-14.

26     Quinn TM, Morel V, Meister JJ.  Static compression of articular cartilage can reduce solute diffusivity and partitioning: implications for the chondrocyte biological response. J Biomech. 2001 Nov;34(11):1463-9.

27     Urban JP.  The chondrocyte: a cell under pressure.  The chondrocyte: a cell under pressure. Br J Rheumatol. 1994 Oct;33(10):901-8.

28     Carter DR, Wong M. Modelling cartilage mechanobiology. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci. 2003 Sep 29;358(1437):1461-71.

29     Saadat E, Lan H, Majumdar S, Rempel DM, King KB. Long-term cyclical in vivo loading increases cartilage proteoglycan content in a spatially specific manner: an infrared microspectroscopic imaging and polarized light microscopy study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2006;8(5):R147.

30     Eckstein F, Hudelmaier M, Putz R. The effects of exercise on human articular cartilage. J Anat. 2006 Apr;208(4):491-512.

31     Carter DR, Beaupré GS, Wong M, Smith RL, Andriacchi TP, Schurman DJ. The mechanobiology of articular cartilage development and degeneration. Clin Orthop Relat Res. 2004 Oct;(427 Suppl):S69-77.

32     Mcardle WD, Katch FI, Katch VL.  Essentials of exercise physiology.  Philadelphia: Lea & Febiger, 1994, p. 165.

33     Bloomer RJ.  Energy cost of moderate-duration resistance and aerobic exercise.  J Strength Cond Res. 2005 Nov;19(4):878-82.

34     McArdle WD, Katch FI, Katch VL.  Exercise physiology: energy, nutrition, and human performance, 5th ed.  , Baltimore, Maryland: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2001, pages 204-209.

35     Cymet TC, Sinkov V. Does long-distance running cause osteoarthritis? J Am Osteopath Assoc. 2006 Jun;106(6):342-5.

36     Walther M, Kirschner S. [Is running associated with premature degenerative arthritis of the hip? A systematic review] Z Orthop Ihre Grenzgeb. 2004 Mar-Apr;142(2):213-20.

37     Chakravarty EF, Hubert HB, Lingala VB, Zatarain E, Fries JF. Long distance running and knee osteoarthritis. A prospective study. Am J Prev Med. 2008 Aug;35(2):133-8.

38     Bruce B, Fries JF, Lubeck DP. Aerobic exercise and its impact on musculoskeletal pain in older adults: a 14 year prospective, longitudinal study. Arthritis Res Ther. 2005;7(6):R1263-70.

39     Fries JF, Singh G, Morfeld D, O'Driscoll P, Hubert H.  Relationship of running to musculoskeletal pain with age. A six-year longitudinal study. Arthritis Rheum. 1996 Jan;39(1):64-72

40     Rogers LQ, Macera CA, Hootman JM, Ainsworth BE, Blairi SN. The association between joint stress from physical activity and self-reported osteoarthritis: an analysis of the Cooper Clinic data. Osteoarthritis Cartilage. 2002 Aug;10(8):617-22.

41     Dunlop DD, Semanik P, Song J, Manheim LM, Shih V, Chang RW. Risk factors for functional decline in older adults with arthritis. Arthritis Rheum. 2005 Apr;52(4):1274-82.

42     Schnohr P, Parner J, Lange P. [Joggers live longer. The Osterbro study, Article in Danish] Ugeskr Laeger. 2001 May 7;163(19):2633-5.

43     Engels HJ, Currie JS, Lueck CC, Wirth JC.  Bench/step straining with and without extremity loading.  Effects on muscular fitness, body composition profile, and psychological affect.  Journal of Sports Medicine and Physical Fitness.  2002 Mar;42(1):71-8

44     Palmer CD, Sleivert GG.  Running economy is impaired following a single bout of resistance exercise.  J Sci Med Sport. 2001 Dec;4(4):447-59.

45     Sporer BC, Wenger HA.  Effects of aerobic exercise on strength performance following various periods of recovery.  Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research.  2003 17(4)638-644

46     Glass SC, Stanton DR.  Self-selected resistance training intensity in novice weightlifters.  J Strength Cond Res. 2004 May;18(2):324-7.

47     Rogind H, Bibow-Nielsen B, Jensen B, Moller HC, Frimodt-Moller H, Bliddal H.  The effects of a physical training program on patients with osteoarthritis of the knees. Arch Phys Med Rehabil. 1998 Nov;79(11):1421-7

48     Vignon E, Valat JP, Rossignol M, Avouac B, Rozenberg S, Thoumie P, Avouac J, Nordin M, Hilliquin P. Osteoarthritis of the knee and hip and activity: a systematic international review and synthesis (OASIS). Joint Bone Spine. 2006 Jul;73(4):442-55.

49     Kraemer WJ, Adams K, Cafarelli E, Dudley GA, Dooly C, Feigenbaum MS, Fleck SJ, Franklin B, Fry AC, Hoffman JR, Newton RU, Potteiger J, Stone MH, Ratamess NA, Triplett-McBride T; American College of Sports Medicine. American College of Sports Medicine position stand. Progression models in resistance training for healthy adults. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2002 Feb;34(2):364-80

50     Wolfe BL, LeMura LM, Cole PJ. Quantitative analysis of single- vs. multiple-set programs in resistance training.  J Strength Cond Res. 2004 Feb;18(1):35-47.

51     Delorme T, Watkins A: Techniques of progressive resistive exercise.  Arch Phys Med Rehabil 29:263, 1948 http://journals.lww.com/acsm-msse/pages/default.aspx

52     Drinkwater EJ, Lawton TW, Lindsell RP, Pyne DB, Hunt PH, McKenna MJ.  Training leading to repetition failure enhances bench press strength gains in elite junior athletes.  J Strength Cond Res. 2005 May;19(2):382-8.

53     Thorstensson A, Larsson L, Tesch P, Karlsson J. Muscle strength and fiber composition in athletes and sedentary men. Med Sci Sports. 1977 Spring;9(1):26-30.  

54     Kraemer WJ.  Endocrine responses and adaptations to resistance exercise.  Medicine Science Sports Exercise. Med Sci Sports Exerc. 1988 Oct;20(5 Suppl):S152-7

55     Kraemer WJ, Marchitelli L, McCurry D, Mello R, Dziados JE, Harman E, Frykman P, Gordon SE, Fleck SJ.  Hormonal and growth factor responses to heavy resistance exercise.  Journal of Applied Physiology.  J Appl Physiol. 1990 Oct;69(4):1442-50

56     Nosaka K, Sakamoto K, Newton M, Sacco P.  How long does the protective effect on eccentric exercise-induced muscle damage last?  Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001 Sep;33(9):1490-5.

57     Chatzinikolaou A, Fatouros IG, Gourgoulis V, Avloniti A, Jamurtas AZ, Nikolaidis MG, Douroudos I, Michailidis Y, Beneka A, Malliou P, Tofas T, Georgiadis I, Mandalidis D, Taxildaris K. Time course of changes in performance and inflammatory responses after acute plyometric exercise. J Strength Cond Res. 2010 May;24(5):1389-98.

58     Howard RL.  Plyometric concepts reinvent lower extremity rehabilitation.  Biomechanics, September, 2004, http://www.biomech.com/showArticle.jhtml?articleID=47902582.

59     Turner AM, Owings M, Schwane J.  Improvement in running economy after 6 weeks of plyometric training.  Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2003, 17(1), 60-67

60     Masamoto N, Larson R, Gates T, Faigenbaum A.  Acute effects of plyometric exercise on maximum squat performance in male athletes.  Journal of Strength and conditioning Research, 2003, 17(1), 68-71

61     Hamilton, A.J., Haier, R.J., Buchsbaum, M.S., 1984. Intrinsic enjoyment and boredom coping scales: validation with personality, evoked potential and attention measures. Personality and individual differences 5 (2), 183-193.

62     R Demak.  Mysterious malady.  Sports Illustrated.  74(13):44-49.  1991

63     Fenz WD.  Learning to anticipate stressful events.  J. Sport Exerc. Psychol. 10:223-228.  1988.

64     Paluska SA, Schwenk TL. Physical activity and mental health: current concepts. Sports Med. 2000 Mar;29(3):167-80.

65     Luebbers PE, Potteiger JA, Hulver MW, Thyfault JP, Carper MJ, Lockwood RH. Effects of plyometric training and recovery on vertical jump performance and anaerobic strength. J Strength Cond Res. 2003 Nov;17(4):704-9

66     Hoffman JR, Wendell M, Cooper J, Kang J. Comparison between linear and nonlinear in-season training programs in freshman football players. Strength Cond Res. 2003 Aug;17(3):561-5

67     Rhea MR, Phillips WT, Burkett LN, Stone WJ, Ball SD, Alvar BA, Thomas AB.  A comparison of linear and daily undulating periodized programs with equated endurance and intensity for local muscle endurance.  Journal of Strength and Conditioning Research, 2003, 17(1):82-87

68     Hather BM, Tesch PA, Buchanan P, Dudley GA.  Influence of eccentric actions on skeletal muscle adaptations to resistance training.  Acta Physiol. Scand. 1991;143:177-185

69     Staron RS, Leonardi MJ, Karapondo DL, Malicky ES, Falkel JE, Hagerman FC, Hikida RS.  Strength and skeletal muscle adaptations in heavy-resistance trained women after detraining and retraining.  J. Appl. Physiol.  1991;70:631-640  

70     Doherty RA, Neary JP, Bhambhani YN, Wenger HA. Fifteen-day cessation of training on selected physiological and performance variables in women runners.  J Strength Cond Res. 2003 Aug;17(3):599-607

71     Fradkin AJ, Zazryn TR, Smoliga JM. Effects of warming-up on physical performance: a systematic review with meta-analysis. J Strength Cond Res. 2010 Jan;24(1):140-8.

72     Canadian Standardized Test of Fitness (CSTF) Operations Manual, 3rd ed., as reprinted in ACSM’s Guidelines for Exercise Testing and Prescription, 6th ed., by the American College of Sports Medicine, 2000, p 85.

73     Wathen, D, “Muscle Balance,” Essentials of Strength Training and Conditioning, Baechle TR, ed., Human Kinetics, Champaign, IL, 1994, p. 427

74     Fogelholm M, Kukkonen-Harjula K, Nenonen A, Pasanen M. Effects of walking training on weight maintenance after a very-low-energy diet in premenopausal obese women: a randomized controlled trial. Arch Intern Med. 2000 Jul 24;160(14):2177-84.

75     Moreau KL, Degarmo R, Langley J, McMahon C, Howley ET, Bassett DR Jr, Thompson DL.  Increasing daily walking lowers blood pressure in postmenopausal women.  Med Sci Sports Exerc. 2001 Nov;33(11):1825-31.

76     Kai MC, Anderson M, Lau EM. Exercise interventions: defusing the world's osteoporosis time bomb. Bull World Health Organ. 2003;81(11):827-30.

77     Tanne JH. Walking protects elderly people from dementia, studies show. BMJ. 2004 Oct 2;329(7469):761.  http://bmj.bmjjournals.com/cgi/content/full/329/7469/761-c

78     Miavita article “Making Time to Walk” http://health.yahoo.com/search/miavita?lb=s&p=id%3A38050

79     Heggie, J.  Running with the whole body: a 30-day program to running faster with less effort.  Berkeley, California: Somatic Resources and North Atlantic Books, 1996.   

80     Ekkekakis P, Hall EE, Petruzzello SJ.  Practical markers of the transition from aerobic to anaerobic metabolism during exercise: rationale and a case for affect-based exercise prescription.  Prev Med. 2004 Feb;38(2):149-59

81     Williams PT.  Relationship of distance run per week to coronary heart disease risk factors in 8,283 male runners: the National Runners’ Health Study.  Archives of Internal Medicine.  157(2):191-198.  

82     Muir J.  Our national parks.  Boston: Houghton Mifflin and Company, 1901.  http://www.sierraclub.org/john_muir_exhibit

83     Greie S, Humpeler E, Gunga HC, Koralewski E, Klingler A, Mittermayr M, Fries D, Lechleitner M, Hoertnagl H, Hoffmann G, Strauss-Blasche G, Schobersberger W.  Improvement of metabolic syndrome markers through altitude specific hiking vacations. J Endocrinol Invest. 2006 Jun;29(6):497-504.

84     University of Missouri-Columbia News Bureau, Daily Dog Walks Work Off Weight for Owners, http://www.cvm.missouri.edu/News/dailydogwalks.htm

85     TV-Turnoff Network.  Facts and figures about our TV habit.  TV-Turnoff Network, 1200 29th St NW, LL #1, Washington DC 20007.  http://tvturnoff.org/images/facts&figs/factsheets/FactsFigs.pdf

86     Robinson TN. Reducing children's television viewing to prevent obesity: a randomized controlled trial. JAMA. 1999 Oct 27;282(16):1561-7.

87     Willett WC, The Harvard School of Public Health.  Eat, Drink, and Be Healthy.  New York: Simon & Schuster,  2001,  p. 95. 

88     Salmeron J, Ascherio A, Rimm EB, Colditz GA, Spiegelman D, Jenkins DJ, Stampfer MJ, Wing AL, Willett WC. Dietary fiber, glycemic load, and risk of NIDDM in men. Diabetes Care. 1997 Apr;20(4):545-50.

89     Salmeron J, Manson JE, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA, Wing AL, Willett WC. Dietary fiber, glycemic load, and risk of non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus in women. JAMA. 1997 Feb 12;277(6):472-7.

90     Murakami K, Okubo H, Sasaki S. Effect of dietary factors on incidence of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review of cohort studies. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo). 2005 Aug;51(4):292-310.

91     The Oregon State University Linus Pauling Institute Micronutrient Information Center.  Glycemic index and glycemic load.  http://lpi.oregonstate.edu/infocenter/foods/grains/gigl.html

92     Nettleton JA, Steffen LM, Ni H, Liu K, Jacobs DR Jr. Dietary patterns and risk of incident type 2 diabetes in the Multi-Ethnic Study of Atherosclerosis (MESA). Diabetes Care. 2008 Sep;31(9):1777-82.

93     Johnson ML, Burke BS, Mayer J.  Relative importance of inactivity and overeating in the energy balance of obese high school girls. Am J Clin Nutr. 1956 Jan-Feb;4(1):37-44

94     Lopez-Garcia E, Schulze MB, Meigs JB, Manson JE, Rifai N, Stampfer MJ, Willett WC, Hu FB.  Consumption of trans fatty acids is related to plasma biomarkers of inflammation and endothelial dysfunction. J Nutr. 2005 Mar;135(3):562-6.

95     Fraser GE, Bennett HW, Jaceldo KB, Sabate J. Effect on body weight of a free 76 Kilojoule (320 calorie) daily supplement of almonds for six months. J Am Coll Nutr. 2002 Jun;21(3):275-83

96     Sanjoaquin MA, Appleby PN, Thorogood M, Mann JI, Key TJ.  Nutrition, lifestyle and colorectal cancer incidence: a prospective investigation of 10998 vegetarians and non-vegetarians in the United Kingdom.  Br J Cancer. 2004 Jan 12;90(1):118-21.  

97     Cohen JH, Kristal AR, Stanford JL.  Fruit and vegetable intakes and prostate cancer risk.  J Natl Cancer Inst. 2000 Jan 5;92(1):61-8.

98     Perry NS, Houghton PJ, Sampson J, Theobald AE, Hart S, Lis-Balchin M, Hoult JR, Evans P, Jenner P, Milligan S, Perry EK.  In-vitro activity of S. lavandulaefolia (Spanish sage) relevant to treatment of Alzheimer's disease.  J Pharm Pharmacol. 2001 Oct;53(10):1347-56.

99     Tsai CJ, Leitzmann MF, Willett WC, Giovannucci EL.  Dietary protein and the risk of cholecystectomy in a cohort of US women: the Nurses' Health Study. Am J Epidemiol. 2004 Jul 1;160(1):11-8.

100  Cho E, Seddon JM, Rosner B, Willett WC, Hankinson SE.  Prospective study of intake of fruits, vegetables, vitamins, and carotenoids and risk of age-related maculopathy.  Arch Ophthalmol. 2004 Jun;122(6):883-92.

101  Panel on Macronutrients, Subcommittees on Upper Reference Levels of Nutrients and Interpretation and Uses of Dietary Reference Intakes, and the Standing Committee on the Scientific Evaluation of Dietary Reference Intakes.  Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy, Carbohydrate, Fiber, Fat, Fatty Acids, Cholesterol, Protein, and Amino Acids (Macronutrients).  The National Academies Press, 2002.  http://www.nap.edu/catalog/10490.html

102  Rand WM, Pellett PL, Young VR. Meta-analysis of nitrogen balance studies for estimating protein requirements in healthy adults.  Am J Clin Nutr. 2003 Jan;77(1):109-27.

103  National Center for Health Statistics, Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, U.S. Department of Health and Human Services.  National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES): 1999-2004. 

104  Lemon PW, Tarnopolsky MA, MacDougall JD, Atkinson SA.  Protein requirements and muscle mass/strength changes during intensive training in novice bodybuilders. J Appl Physiol. 1992 Aug;73(2):767-75.

105  Campbell WW, Crim MC, Young VR, Joseph LJ, Evans WJ.  Effects of resistance training and dietary protein intake on protein metabolism in older adults.  Am J Physiol. 1995 Jun;268(6 Pt 1):E1143-53.

106  Phillips SM. Protein requirements and supplementation in strength sports. Nutrition. 2004 Jul-Aug;20(7-8):689-95.

107  Weigle DS, Breen PA, Matthys CC, Callahan HS, Meeuws KE, Burden VR, Purnell JQ.  A high-protein diet induces sustained reductions in appetite, ad libitum caloric intake, and body weight despite compensatory changes in diurnal plasma leptin and ghrelin concentrations.  Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Jul;82(1):41-8.

108  Reuters Health News.  “High-protein diets curb appetite.”  http://au.health.yahoo.com/050722/3/66u6.html?r=967438252

109  Nelson LH, Tucker LA.  Diet composition related to body fat in a multivariate study of 203 men. J Am Diet Assoc. 1996 Aug;96(8):771-7 .

110  Allen LH, Bartlett RS, Block GD. Reduction of renal calcium reabsorption in man by consumption of dietary protein. J Nutr. 1979 Aug;109(8):1345-50 .

111  Feskanich D, Willett WC, Stampfer MJ, Colditz GA. Protein consumption and bone fractures in women. Am J Epidemiol. 1996 Mar 1;143(5):472-9.

112  Friedman AN. High-protein diets: potential effects on the kidney in renal health and disease.Am J Kidney Dis. 2004 Dec;44(6):950-62.

113  Sierakowski R, Finlayson B, Landes R. Stone incidence as related to water hardness in different geographical regions of the United States. Urol Res. 1979 Sep;7(3):157-60

114  Giannini S, Nobile M, Sartori L, Dalle Carbonare L, Ciuffreda M, Corro P, D'Angelo A, Calo L, Crepaldi G. Acute effects of moderate dietary protein restriction in patients with idiopathic hypercalciuria and calcium nephrolithiasis. Am J Clin Nutr. 1999 Feb;69(2):267-71.

115  Rotily M, Leonetti F, Iovanna C, Berthezene P, Dupuy P, Vazi A, Berland Y. Effects of low animal protein or high-fiber diets on urine composition in calcium nephrolithiasis. Kidney Int. 2000 Mar;57(3):1115-23.

116  Borghi L, Schianchi T, Meschi T, Guerra A, Allegri F, Maggiore U, Novarini A. Comparison of two diets for the prevention of recurrent stones in idiopathic hypercalciuria. N Engl J Med. 2002 Jan 10;346(2):77-84.

117  Beer WH, Murray E, Oh SH, Pedersen HE, Wolfe RR, Young VR. A long-term metabolic study to assess the nutritional value of and immunological tolerance to two soy-protein concentrates in adult humans. Am J Clin Nutr. 1989 Nov;50(5):997-1007.

118  U.S. Food and Drug Administration, Code of Federal Regulation,  21CFR101.82, http://www.cfsan.fda.gov/~lrd/cf101-82.html.

119  Arjmandi BH, Khalil DA, Lucas EA, Smith BJ, Sinichi N, Hodges SB, Juma S, Munson ME, Payton ME, Tivis RD, Svanborg A. Soy protein may alleviate osteoarthritis symptoms. Phytomedicine. 2004 Nov;11(7-8):567-75.

120  Zhan S, Ho SC. Meta-analysis of the effects of soy protein containing isoflavones on the lipid profile. Am J Clin Nutr. 2005 Feb;81(2):397-408.

121  Messina MJ. Emerging evidence on the role of soy in reducing prostate cancer risk. Nutr Rev. 2003 Apr;61(4):117-31.

122  McMichael-Phillips DF, Harding C, Morton M, Roberts SA, Howell A, Potten CS, Bundred NJ. Effects of soy-protein supplementation on epithelial proliferation in the histologically normal human breast. Am J Clin Nutr. 1998 Dec;68(6 Suppl):1431S-1435S.

123  Boyapati SM, Shu XO, Ruan ZX, Dai Q, Cai Q, Gao YT, Zheng W. Soyfood intake and breast cancer survival: a followup of the Shanghai Breast Cancer Study. Breast Cancer Res Treat. 2005 Jul;92(1):11-7.

124  Millward DJ.  The nutritional value of plant-based diets in relation to human amino acid and protein requirements.  Proc Nutr Soc. 1999 May;58(2):249-60.

125  Young VR, Pellett PL. Plant proteins in relation to human protein and amino acid nutrition. Am J Clin Nutr. 1994 May;59(5 Suppl):1203S-1212S.

126  Astrup A, Meinert Larsen T, Harper A. Atkins and other low-carbohydrate diets: hoax or an effective tool for weight loss?  Lancet. 2004 Sep 4;364(9437):897-9.

127  Butler LM,Sinha R, Millikan RC, Martin CF, Newman B, Gammon MD, Ammerman AS, Sandler RS.  Heterocyclic amines, meat intake, and association with colon cancer in a population-based study.  Am J Epidemiol. 2003 Mar 1;157(5):434-45.

128  Chiu BC, Cerhan JR, Folsom AR, Sellers TA, Kushi LH, Wallace RB, Zheng W, Potter JD. Diet and risk of non-Hodgkin lymphoma in older women. JAMA. 1996 May 1;275(17):1315-21.

129  Spencer EA, Appleby PN, Davey GK, Key TJ.  Diet and body mass index in 38000 EPIC-Oxford meat-eaters, fish-eaters, vegetarians and vegans.  Int J Obes Relat Metab Disord. 2003 Jun;27(6):728-34.

130  Demir AU, Karakaya G, Bozkurt B, Sekerel BE, Kalyoncu AF. Asthma and allergic diseases in schoolchildren: third cross-sectional survey in the same primary school in Ankara, Turkey. Pediatr Allergy Immunol. 2004 Dec;15(6):531-8.

131  Oranje AP, Wolkerstorfer A, de Waard-van der Spek FB.  Natural course of cow's milk allergy in childhood atopic eczema/dermatitis syndrome. Ann Allergy Asthma Immunol. 2002 Dec;89(6 Suppl 1):52-5.

132  Arjmandi BH, Khalil DA, Lucas EA, Smith BJ, Sinichi N, Hodges SB, Juma S, Munson ME, Payton ME, Tivis RD, Svanborg A.  Soy protein may alleviate osteoarthritis symptoms.  Phytomedicine. 2004 Nov;11(7-8):567-75.

133  Orimo H.  [Calcium intake and osteoporosis].  Clin Calcium. 2004 Nov;14(11):108-10.  

134  Willett WC, The Harvard School of Public Health.  Eat, Drink, and Be Healthy.  New York: Simon & Schuster,  2001,  p. 143

135  Dillingham BL, McVeigh BL, Lampe JW, Duncan AM. Soy protein isolates of varying isoflavone content exert minor effects on serum reproductive hormones in healthy young men. J Nutr. 2005 Mar;135(3):584-91

136  Goodin S, Shen F, Shih WJ, Dave N, Kane MP, Medina P, Lambert GH, Aisner J, Gallo M, DiPaola RS. Clinical and biological activity of soy protein powder supplementation in healthy male volunteers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev. 2007 Apr;16(4):829-33.

137  Allen NE, Appleby PN, Davey GK, Key TJ. Soy milk intake in relation to serum sex hormone levels in British men. Nutr Cancer. 2001;41(1-2):41-6.             

138  Kalman D, Feldman S, Martinez M, Krieger DR, Tallon MJ. Effect of protein source and resistance training on body composition and sex hormones. J Int Soc Sports Nutr. 2007 Jul 23;4:4.

139  Hamilton-Reeves JM, Vazquez G, Duval SJ, Phipps WR, Kurzer MS, Messina MJ. Clinical studies show no effects of soy protein or isoflavones on reproductive hormones in men: results of a meta-analysis. Fertil Steril. 2009 Jun 11.

140  Willett WC, The Harvard School of Public Health.  Eat, Drink, and Be Healthy.  Simon & Schuster, 2001, p. 142

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Medline, and key research journals like the National Strength and Conditioning Association's Journal of Strength and Conditioning make great tools for lifelong learning about the ever-evolving science behind exercise and nutrition.

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